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Q. Are name-calling and teasing just part of growing up, a rite of passage that all kids go through?

Many people out there think that adults are making too much of a fuss about it, that we should leave kids to their own devices. We know better now.

I have talked to 80-year-old who remember the name of the person who tormented them in school.

And the name of the child who stood up for them in first grade. This is pain that has lasted a lifetime.

We have the information to stop bullying now, so why wouldn’t we?

Q. How can you tell if your child is being bullied?

There’s a good chance your kid won’t walk up to you and say, “I’m getting teased and bullied at school, the kids are calling me names.” Instead, it’s going to manifest itself by your child saying, “I don’t want to go to school today.”

If this seems to be happening a lot, consider the possibility that bullying might be the reason behind the sick days.

Also, look for signs that kids are hurting themselves. Self-mutilation can be a sign.

For boys, one classic symptom is that they are teased so much about being atypical that they’re terrified to go to the bathroom. Since there’s only one way in and one way out of a bathroom, it’s an ideal place to tease other kids. Boys who are bullied often won’t go all day. If your kid races home and goes to the bathroom every day after school it could mean that there’s a bullying problem.

These are all possible signals that your child might be the target of teasing at school.

As a parent, teacher or health care worker, add “Bullying” to your radar when you’re trying to figure out what’s going on with a child—add the possibility that your kid is getting tormented at school.

The injury is real when kids get teased. Unchecked, it can be devastating.

Q. If my child comes to me and tells me he is being bullied, what is the best thing to do?

I would say let your child talk about it. Listen in a non-judgmental way about your child and about the teaser. Let your kid do the talking. Don’t try to solve the problem. Ask your child:

“What happened? How did that make you feel?”

Don’t make the assumption that your kid has done something to bring on the teasing. Teasing isn’t always logical, and for your kid it doesn’t matter why—it just matters that it’s happening. Therefore, don’t say, “What did you do that made them tease you?” That’s not going to help.

Also, try to find out more about the kid who’s doing the teasing. But don’t say, “Oh my God, what a rotten kid,” because you’re just getting a part of the story.

Your child doesn’t need you to go ballistic or take on the problem as your own. Your child needs to know that he’s being heard and that his feelings matter. Once you’ve got the whole story out, depending upon what’s happened, you can take your next step.

For a parent to be explosive about the situation will cause a child to recoil. If I march to school and confront the bully on the playground, my child is not going to feel safe telling me anything about this again. I’m taking on his battle for him.

Q. What can I do to stop the bullying?

The short answer is to let your kid come up with ideas. Ask him questions like:

“What do you think you can say next time? What do you think might work?”

Help your child see what the outcome might be of their words and actions. Help them see that this is a problem they can solve on their own terms.

For example, your kid might come up with the idea of saying to the bully, “Leave me alone, you jerk.” Instead of the parent saying, “That’s a bad idea,” respond with:

“What do you think is going to happen if you do that?”

Let them figure out that the bullying might escalate if they resort to name-calling.

Your child might then shrug and say, “I could walk away from the bully.” You can suggest that they walk away the first time and say what they need to say the next time.

We have to be honest about how hard it is to face a tormentor. It’s also important to ask your child this question:

“What’s going to make you feel better about this situation?”

But make sure you’re not the one coming up with the solution. It’s important that your child feels like they’re solving the problem on his or her own terms. It’s a skill you can teach them that will last a lifetime.

Q. What if my child won’t talk to me about being bullied?

As long as they feel like they have a safe place to go, that is what’s important. And if you feel your kid can’t talk to you, swallow hard and say, “OK, my child is not talking to me, but my child needs to talk to someone.”

Put someone else in that room with them that they can talk to, whether it’s an aunt or uncle, teacher, counselor, coach or family friend. Unless that conversation can start, it’s very hard to get to the heart of the problem.

Q. When should I approach my child’s teachers about it?

Go in pretty early, as soon as your child starts coming home and mentioning that they are being teased. If your kid is coming home more than once a week and saying, “These kids are teasing me and I don’t like to go to the bathroom,” go in after school when all the kids are gone.

Call the teacher and set up an appointment. Teachers are like everyone else, if you mention something in passing, it won’t carry as much weight. If you make an appointment, they will listen.

A caution to parents: often when your kid is getting bullied, their teachers don’t know it. Kids are smart enough not to do it in front of the teacher. Bear in mind that when you go to a teacher you shouldn’t be carrying a hatchet in your back pocket. It may not be that the teacher is doing a bad job, it might mean it’s happening out of earshot.

So, don’t go into school assuming that you’ll be received with, “Oh yes, we’ve seen this happening.” Say things like:

“My child is coming home and talking about this.”

And then say:

“This is how it’s impacting my child.”

The impact on your child is what teachers need to know because it may not be obvious to them. You’re basically asking them to keep an eye on your child and to keep an eye out for trouble. Later, you can follow-up with email and ask the teacher for an update.

If the bullying doesn’t stop, or it’s really bad bullying, you should go to the principal. A really great trick is to go in with a question:

“I talked to Ms. Johnson a week ago, and my daughter is still coming home with this complaint. What should I do?”

Put it into the lap of the principal and ask:

“When can I expect to hear back from you about what you’ve done? What’s the next step?”

Then you can tell your child that you will be getting an answer on Thursday about what steps will be taken. It’s also all right to ask educators to keep your conversations private, and then you can reassure your child about this as well.

Q. The message to kids in your book Say Something is that kids have the power to stop bullying behavior at school themselves. Can you explain how this works?

When we talk to kids about bullies, remind them of this truth: Bullies are cowards. Most bullies won’t tease two kids together, and almost never will they pick on three kids at once. Even in a group, bullies single out one or two kids.

In terms of plain old teasing, bullies like to put other kids down, to make someone else feel lousy so they can feel powerful. Most kids who are teasing and putting down other kids are looking for approval from peers.

Teach your kids that there are a lot of ways to show that you don’t approve. If someone just speaks up and says, “Whoa,” or “Ew,” or “That’s not cool,” it can be effective. If another kid can walk up and say, “Hey, come over here, you want to go play?” to the person getting picked on, that’s huge. It often will defuse the whole situation.

That bully is unlikely to follow, and he has just been told in public that what he’s doing is not cool. Whether a teacher or kid breaks the assumption, now the kid getting picked on knows that not everyone agrees, and so does the bully.

It doesn’t always have to take a lot of courage. Kids should know that they have the power to change their situation, especially when they work together.